Here’s what the code from Turtle Challenge #234 draws. This picture was made by running the code for real.

The answers
How many circles will the turtle draw? 8 circles, one each time round the loop.
Why does the turtle turn 45 degrees after each circle? Because 8 × 45 = 360, so the circles spread evenly all the way round, like petals on a flower.
What colours will the circles be? They take turns: turquoise, darkorange.
How the code works
t.circle(40) draws a whole circle and brings the turtle back to the same spot. Turning a little between circles makes a flower pattern.
import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.speed(0)
t.pensize(2)
colours = ["turquoise", "darkorange"]
for petal in range(8):
t.pencolor(colours[petal % 2])
t.circle(40)
t.left(45)
t.hideturtle()
turtle.done()
Try it: What happens if you use t.circle(40, 180) instead? (That draws half a circle.)